句子成分及基本句型
划出并标明下列句子成分
- The sun rises in the east.
- We study English.
- We love China.
- This is a difficult problem.
- We are Chinese.
- He gave me a book.
- He runs fast.
- We elected him monitor.
- She is beautiful.
【句子的成分】
在英文中句子成分包括:主语、谓语、宾语(直接宾语sth、间接宾语sb)、表语、状语、定语、同位语、宾语补足语。
- 主语:主语是句子的主体,是动作(谓语动词)的发出者。一般由人称代词、名词、动词不定式、动名词或者名词短语来充当主语。并位于句首。如:
(1) Lucy is a beautiful nurse.(名词作主语)
- He reads newspapers every day.(代词作主语)
(3) Smoking is harmful to the health.(动名词作主语)
(4) To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.(不定式作主语)
(5) What we should do is not yet decided. (从句作主语)
- 谓语: 说明主语“做什么(动词是实义动词)”“是什么”或“处于什么状态(动词是联系动词)”。如:
His parents are teachers. (系动词和表语一起作谓语)
We study hard. (行为动词作谓语)
We don’t finish reading the book. (助动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
He can speak English. (情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
宾语:宾语是谓语动的对象或目标,是动作的对象。由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。
如:1. She is doing her homework now.(名词作宾语)
- She says(that)she is ill.(宾语从句作动词宾语)
- We often help him.(代词作宾语)
- He likes to play basketball.(不定式作宾语)
- We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语)
说明:宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物;间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give, show(给„„看),bring, pass, buy,
如:(1)Our teacher tells us a story.
(2)The sun gives us light.
注意:间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。如:make,, get, play, order(命令), sing, pay等等。
例如:give sb sth=give sth to sb.
巩固练习:
- I give him a book.
改成:
- He passes me the book.(他将书递给我。)
改成:
- He writes me a letter.
改成:
- He will buy me some books.
改成:
5. She is making me a cake.
改成:
四)宾语补足语: 在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语
。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。
如:
1.They make her happy.(形容词)
2. I see her dance.(不定式)
3. We’ll help you to make the Olympics a success.(名词)
4. Please let him in.(副词)
5.We heard her singing a song.(分词短语)
- 表语:表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。
如:
- I am a teacher.(名词)
- He is always happy.(形容词)
- They are on the playground now.(介词短语)
- It gets cold.(形容词)
注意:
Be动词(am,is,are, was, were)
表保持(keep, stay, remain)
系动词
表改变(get, become, turn)
感官动词(feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来))
如:It sounds interesting.(sound为系动词,interesting为表语)
We should all remain careful. Remain(为系动词, careful为表语)
- 定语:定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。 如:
The black bike is mine.(形容词)
What’s your name?(代词)
They make paper flowers.(名词)
说明1:当定语修饰不定代词:nothing, anything, everything, something等时,定语在不定代词后面。 如:
- I tell him something interesting. (形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语
- He has something to do. (to do为不定式作后置定语)
说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。 如:
The boys in the room are in Class Four. (in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。)
(七)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。
如:
He did it carefully.(副词)
We often help him.(副词)
Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.(介词短语)
When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.(从句作时间状语)
He sits there.(副词地点状语)
【简单句的五种基本句型】
A. 主语+不及物动词(主谓)
如:The sun rises. 太阳升起来。
The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。 rise和stop都是不及物动词,因此后边不必加宾语。
B. 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾)
如:I love my country.
He helps me.
I like action movies.
I buy a book.
C. 主语+系动词+表语(主系表)
如:Her brother is a driver.
We feel happy.(feel为系动词,表示感到„„)
It gets dark.天黑了。(get为系动词,表示变得)
Tom looks ill. Tom看上去病了。(look为系动词,表示看上去,看起来)
D. 主语+及物动词+双宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)(主谓+直宾+间宾)
如:He gives Tom a present.(双宾语) 他给汤姆一件礼物。
Mother make a new dress for me.(双宾语) 妈妈为我做了一件衣服。
E. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补)
如:They call her Mary.(宾补) 他们叫她Mary。
We make our classroom clean and tidy.(宾补)我们使我们的教室干净而整齐。 He always makes us laugh.(宾补) 他总使我们笑。
巩固练习
一、分析下列句子成分
1. Lily is cleaning the desk now.
2. Her garden is the best in our town.
3.Liu Ming is thirteen years old.
4. I like this book very much.
5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister.
6. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill.
7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully.
8. We will go to the Children’s Palace once a week.
9. They are in the classroom.
10. It sounds good.
11. His name is Paul.
12. We always go to school early.
(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语